Hudson may refer to:

• 2Places
  • 2.3United States

People[edit]

Places[edit]

Argentina[edit]

• Hudson, Buenos Aires Province, a town in Berazategui Partido

Canada[edit]

United States[edit]

Communities[edit]

• Hudson, Colorado, a town in Weld County
• Hudson, Florida, a census-designated place in Pasco County
• Hudson, Illinois, a town in McLean County
• Hudson, Indiana, a town in Steuben County
• Hudson, Iowa, a town in Black Hawk County
• Hudson, Kansas, a town in Stafford County
• Hudson, Maine, a town in Penobscot County
• Hudson, Massachusetts, a town in Middlesex County
• Hudson, Michigan, a town in Lenawee County
• Hudson, Missouri, an unincorporated community
• Hudson, New Hampshire, a town in Hillsborough County
• Hudson, New York, a city in Columbia County
• Hudson Square, Manhattan, a neighborhood in New York City
• Hudson, North Carolina, a town in Caldwell County
• Hudson, Ohio, a city in Summit County
• Hudson, Pennsylvania, part of Plains Township
• Hudson, South Dakota, a town in Lincoln County
• Hudson, Texas, a town in Angelina County
• Hudson, Wisconsin, a town in St. Croix County
• Hudson, Wyoming, a town in Fremont County

Geographical features[edit]

• Hudson Bay, in northeastern Canada
• Hudson Gardens, in Littleton, Colorado, US
• Hudson River, a river mainly in New York State, US
  • Hudson Valley, a river valley formed by the Hudson River
  • Mid-Hudson Region, within Hudson Valley
• Hudson Lake (New York), a lake in Otsego County, New York
• Hudson Strait, connecting Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Ocean in Canada
• Mount Hudson, a volcano in Chile
• Hudson Island, Tuvalu (Nanumanga) in the Pacific Ocean

Transport[edit]

• CCGS Hudson, a Canadian Coast Guard research vessel
• Henry Hudson Bridge, in New York City
• Hudson Motor Car Company (merged in 1954 with American Motors)
  • Hudson Commodore, an automobile (1941–1952)
  • Hudson Greater Eight, a line of automobiles (1931–1932)
  • Hudson Hornet, an automobile (1951–1954)
    • Fabulous Hudson Hornet, a famous NASCAR Grand National and AAA stock car
  • Hudson Italia, a two-door compact coupé (1954–1955)
  • Hudson Jet, a compact automobile (1953–1954)
  • Hudson Super-Six Coach, an automobile
  • Hudson Utility Coupe, an automobile (1937–1942)
  • Hudson Wasp, an automobile (1952–1954)
• Hudson (steam automobile) (1901–1902)
• Lockheed Hudson, a World War II aircraft
• NYC Hudson, a class of locomotives used by New York Central in the 1930s
• Royal Hudson, a type of locomotive used by Canadian Pacific Railway 1937–1960
• USRC Hudson (1893), a U.S. Revenue Service cutter from the Battle of Cárdenas
• USS Hudson (DD-475), a United States Navy destroyer (1943–1946)
• Hudson station (RTM), a commuter rail station in Hudson, Quebec, Canada
• Hudson station (New York), a train station in Hudson, New York

Arts and entertainment[edit]

• Hudson Brothers, an American music group in the 1970s
• Hudson Hawk, a 1991 film starring Bruce Willis
• Hudson River School, a 19th-century American artistic genre
• Hudson (gargoyle), a character in Disney's Gargoyles series
• Angus Hudson, the butler in the 1970s British period drama Upstairs, Downstairs
• Doc Hudson, an anthropomorphic automobile from the Disney Cars franchise
• Hudson Mohawke (born 1986), electronic music producer from Scotland
• Hudson, a 2017 jazz album by Jack DeJohnette, John Medeski, John Scofield, and Larry Grenadier.

Companies[edit]

• Hudson Boatworks, a racing shell manufacturer in London, Ontario (1981 to present)
• Hudson Foods Company of Rogers, Arkansas
• Hudson Group, a retail newspaper stand company
• Hudson Soft, a former Japanese video game publisher and developer
• Hudson's, a defunct Detroit-based department store chain
• Hudson's Bay Company, an English (later Canadian) fur trading and retail company, founded 1670
• Robert Hudson (company), a defunct locomotive manufacturer

Computing[edit]

• Hudson (software), a continuous integration tool
• Hudson, a codename for the Fusion controller hub (FCH) chipset on AMD motherboards

Other[edit]

• Hudson Institute, an American conservative think tank
• Hudson Project, a powerline supplying New York City
• Hudson v. McMillian, a United States Supreme Court decision concerning treatment of prisoners
• Hudson Valley Renegades, an American minor league baseball team

See also[edit]

Hudson is a city located along the west border of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 6,713,^[3] the second-largest in the county, following the nearby town of Kinderhook. Located on the east side of the Hudson River and 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, it was named for the river and its namesake explorer Henry Hudson.^[4]

Hudson is the county seat of Columbia County. Hudson is sister city with Pallisa, Uganda.

• 3History

Geography[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.0 km²). 2.2 square miles (5.6 km²) of it is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km²), or 7.38%, is water.^[3]

Hudson is located 120 miles from New York Harbor, at the head of navigation on the Hudson River, on what originally was a spit of land jutting into the Hudson River between the South Bay and North Bay. Both bays have been largely filled in. Across the Hudson River lies the town of Athens in Greene County, New York; a ferry connected the two municipalities during much of the 19th century. Between them lies Middle Ground Flats, a former sandbar that grew due to both natural silting and also from dumping the spoils of dredging; today it is inhabited by deer and a few occupants of quasi-legal summer shanties. The Town of Greenport borders the other three sides of the city.

Demographics[edit]

As of the census^[6] of 2010, there were 6,713 people, 2,766 households, and 1,368 families residing in the city. The population was estimated at 6,648 [4] in 2013. These numbers include the approximately 360 residents of the local Hudson Correctional Facility.

Population declines since the late 20th century may be attributable to demographic trends in which retirees, young couples, childless couples, singles, and weekenders have been gradually replacing larger families in the city. They have converted apartment buildings to single-family homes, and the number of unoccupied homes and rate of tax delinquency have declined.

The population density was 3,110.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,201.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 59.0% (55.5% Non-Hispanic) White, 25.0% African American, 0.4% Native American, 7.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.2% of the population.

There were 2,766 households out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.6% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.5% were non-families. 40.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,117, and the median income for a family was $37,400. Males had a median income of $26,274 versus $22,598 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,353. About 23.0% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over.

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History[edit]

The native Mahican people had occupied this territory for hundreds of years before European encounter, preceded by thousands of years of indigenous cultures. Dutch colonists began to settle here in the 17th century, calling it 'Claverack Landing', having other settlements in Manhattan and at Albany, downriver and up, respectively. In 1662 some Dutch bought this area of land from the Mahican. It was originally part of the Town of Claverack.

After the English took over New Netherland, this area was settled largely by Quaker New Englandwhalers and merchants hailing primarily from the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island. They capitalized on Hudson being at the head of navigation on the Hudson River and developed it as a busy port. Hudson was chartered as a city in 1785, soon after the United States achieved independence from Great Britain. The self-described 'Proprietors' laid out a city grid. Hudson grew rapidly as an active port and came within one vote of being named by the state legislature as the capital of New York state, losing to Albany, an historic center of trade from the 17th century.^[7]

Hudson grew rapidly and by 1790 was the 24th-largest city in the United States.^[8] In 1820, it had a population of 5310, and ranked as the fourth-largest city in New York, after New York City, Albany and Brooklyn.^[9] Construction of the Erie Canal in 1824 drew development west in the state, stimulating development of cities related to Great Lakes trade, such as Rochester and Buffalo, although the Hudson River continued to be important to commerce.

During the 19th century, considerable industry was developed in Hudson, and the city became known as a factory town. It attracted new waves of immigrants and migrants to industrial jobs. Wealthy factory owners and merchants built fine houses in the Victorian period. Hudson obtained a new charter in 1895. It reached its peak of population in 1930, with 12,337 residents.

In 1935, to celebrate the sesquicentennial of the city, the United States Mint issued the Hudson Half Dollar. The coin is one of the most rare ever minted by the United States Government, with only 10,008 coins struck. On the front of the coin is an image of Henry Hudson's ship the Half Moon, and on the reverse is the seal of the city. Local legend has it that coin was minted on the direct order of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to thank the Hudson City Democratic Committee for being the first to endorse him for state senator and governor.

In the late 19th and first half of the 20th century, Hudson became notorious as a center of vice, especially gambling and prostitution.^[10] (The former Diamond Street is today Columbia Street.) At the peak of the vice industry, Hudson boasted more than 50 bars. These rackets were mostly broken up in 1951, after surprise raids of Hudson brothels by New York state troopers under orders from Governor Thomas E. Dewey netted several local policemen, among other customers.^[10]

Land use controversy[edit]

From late 1998 until spring 2005, a land use conflict took place when St. Lawrence Cement (SLC), a subsidiary of Swiss multinational Holderbank (since renamed Holcim), then one of the world's largest cement companies, proposed to build a cement-manufacturing plant. The massive coal-fired plant project would have occupied more than 1,800 acres (7.3 km²) in the city of Hudson and the town of Greenport. Supporters cited the project for jobs and stimulating other growth. Sustained grassroots opposition to the project was led by business owner Peter Jung^[11] and journalist Sam Pratt,^[12][13] co-founders of Friends of Hudson (FOH).^[14] Opponents argued the proposed project violated state environmental regulations and would adversely affect the river, shoreline, and related habitats.

The controversy gained national attention from news outlets such as CNN and The New York Times, as well as media outlets in Canada and Switzerland. The project was withdrawn after New York Secretary of State Randy Daniels determined that the company's plans were inconsistent with New York State's 24 coastal policies.^[15] Opponents of the cement project described the ruling as 'a colossal relief' and supporters, including the Business Council of New York State, denounced it as 'flawed in its logic'.^[16] Nearly 14,000 public comments were received by the State's Division of Coastal Resources (87% of them opposed to the project), a record for that agency.^[17]

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Economy[edit]

After a steep economic decline in the 1960s and '70s, following the loss of jobs due to restructuring in the manufacturing sector, the city has undergone a significant revival. The economy has shifted to one based on tourism, services and related retail.

Attracted by its quality architecture, a group of antiques dealers opened shops on the city's main thoroughfare, Warren Street, in the mid-1980s. Among these were the Hudson Antiques Center, founded by Alain Pioton, and the English Antiques Center. In the early 21st century, the city has nearly seventy shops now, represented by the Hudson Antiques Dealers Association (HADA). The business revival stimulated tourism and attracted residents, some taking second homes in the city. It has become known for its active arts scene, restaurants, art galleries and nightlife, in addition to the antique shops.^[18]

LGBTQ life[edit]

In the early 21st century, Hudson has become a destination for LGBTQ people. Many have opened new businesses, moving here from larger urban areas, and have led the restoration of many of the city's historic houses. In 2010, Hudson High School made national history when openly gay seniors, Timothy Howard and Charlie Ferrusi, won prom king and queen.^[19] During the same year, Hudson hosted its first gay pride parade^[20], which was attended by several hundred people.

National Register of Historic Properties listings[edit]

With hundreds of properties listed or eligible to be listed in the State and National registers of historic places, Hudson has been called the 'finest dictionary of American architecture in New York State'.^{[21][page needed]} The vast majority of properties listed within the Hudson Historic District are considered to be contributing, attesting to their quality.^[21]

These properties include the Dr. Oliver Bronson House and Estate, Dr. Oliver Bronson House and Stables, Henry A. and Evanlina Dubois House, Cornelius H. Evans House, Front Street-Parade Hill-Lower Warren Street Historic District, Houses at 37–47 North Fifth Street, Hudson Almshouse, Hudson Historic District, Hudson/Athens Lighthouse, Rossman-Prospect Avenue Historic District, United States Post Office, William Henry Ludlow House, Elisha Williams House, Oliver Wiswall House, and Van Salsbergen House.^[22]

• Artist's rendering of fishermen on the Athens side of the Hudson, with view of City of Hudson waterfront (date unknown)

• Engraved view of the city (date, artist unknown)

• South Western View of Hudson City N.Y. from Academy Hill, or Prospect Hill (1837) by W.H. Bartlett

• The 1786 William Henry Ludlow house

Attractions[edit]

Hudson is home to the Firemen's Association of the State of New York (FASNY) Museum of Firefighting, one of the largest fire service-centered museums in the world. It is on the grounds of the FASNY Firemen's home, the first nursing home for firemen in the country.

The Hudson Music Festival is an annual event established in 2011 and is New York's largest free music festival. The fourth annual Hudson Music Festival took place August 8, 9 & 10, 2014 and showcased 100 acts.^[23][24][25]

Hudson Hall, an arts venue and organization, is located on Warren Street in the center of the city. It is New York's oldest operating theater.^[26]

Time & Space Limited, a not-for-profit arts organization serves the City of Hudson and the Hudson River Valley Region. It shows a wide selection of independent movies.^[27]

A farmers market takes place on Saturdays, offering a variety of fresh organic products from the Hudson Valley area. The market is conducted outdoors in the warm season and indoor in the wintertime.

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Olde York Farm is a woman-owned and family-operated distillery sourcing Hudson Valley foraged and farmed ingredients to make seasonal batch spirits. The farm consists of land growing apples for our apple based spirits, land for growing grain, and our black walnut tree grove on site at the distillery. Our property is part of the historic Jacob Rutsen van Rensselaer House and Mill complex. Rensselaer also had his own distillery and cooperage circa 1805. Today the distillery and cooperage reside in Rensselaer's former carriage house. Barrels are handmade on site to age our bourbon, whiskey, and brandy. On weekends our tasting room is open serving cocktails, local beer, wine, cider, cheese plates, and gourmet grilled cheese.

Many local restaurants purchase fresh meat, eggs, herbs, and produce from the nearby Letterbox Farm Collective.^[28]

Government[edit]

The city has a mayor-council form of elected government. Since the 1990s, seven mayors have served: William Allen, Dolly Allen, Richard Scalera, Kenneth Cranna, Richard Tracy, William Hallenbeck, Tiffany Martin Hamilton and Rick Rector. This period has been marked by unusual levels of friction between elected officials and residents, as the demographics and economics of the city have shifted. The Common Council consists of ten members elected from five districts, and a Council President elected citywide, as is the Treasurer.^[29]

Representation in other media[edit]

Several movies and television shows have been filmed in Hudson:

• Odds Against Tomorrow (1959), starring Harry Belafonte
• Ironweed, starring Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep
• The PBS documentary Two Square Miles, directed by Barbara Ettinger, is about Hudson.^[30]
• Our Town: Hudson, WHMT Aired: 2011^[31]
• Hudson is referenced throughout the series Gossip Girl as the home of Alison Humphrey and later Jenny Humphrey

Local news sources[edit]

Notable people[edit]

Dan Brooks - Neurologist and prominent member of the Sons

• Marina Abramović, performance artist
• Robert Adams, American sailor and explorer
• John Ashbery, New York State poet laureate^[32]
• Melissa Auf der Maur, musician (The Smashing Pumpkins, Hole) and owner of Basilica Hudson, an arts and performance venue^[33][34]
• Rashad Barksdale, New York Giants cornerback
• J. D. Cannon, actor^[35]
• Nicolas Carone, artist^{[citation needed]}
• John Corapi, born and grew up in Hudson, accountant who turned to religion and became a Catholic priest, whistleblower in false claims suit in California, spoke about Catholicism on radio and TV; suspended from ministry by his order, he resigned
• Lynn Davis, photographer^{[citation needed]}
• Tom Davis, comedian ^[36]
• Alice Mary Dowd (1855–1943), educator, author
• George C. Ewing, politician, and founder of Holyoke, Massachusetts^[37]
• Nancy Fuller, host of Food Network's Farmhouse Rules^[38]
• Sanford Robinson Gifford, was born here in 1823 and grew up here; an artist, he became a member of the second generation of the Hudson River School landscape painters. Following his death on August 29, 1880, he was buried in Hudson's Cedar Park Cemetery.
• Kirsten Gillibrand, politician, lawyer, and member of the United States Senate^[39]
• Philip Glass, composer^{[citation needed]}
• Joshua Lee, US congressman
• Tyler Lydon, basketball player, first-round selection in 2017 NBA draft
• Sam J. Miller, science fiction author
• Alex MacKinnon, darts player
• Meshell Ndegeocello, musician^[40]
• Benjamin Moore Norman, author and book dealer
• Dawn Langley Simmons, author and famous hermaphrodite (Simmons lived quietly in Hudson during the 1980s while writing her biography of Margaret Rutherford)
• Tommy Stinson, musician^[41]
• Bob Trowbridge, former Major League Baseball pitcher
• Chris Urbanowicz, musician
• Martin Van Buren, future US President, set up his first law office in Hudson.
• William Jenkins Worth, was born on Union Street in Hudson and grew up here. He entered the military and served as a general during the Mexican–American War. Worth Avenue in Hudson is named after him, as is Fort Worth, Texas.
• Rupert Wyatt {film maker)
• Bibbe Hansen - performance artist, actor, musician^[42]
• Tedd Patterson - DJ and remix artist^[43]
• Henry van Ameringen - retired businessman (International Flavors and Fragrance), real estate developer, philanthropist and advocate for gay rights and marijuana legalization
• Malcolm Gladwell - author, essayist, journalist, storyteller, podcast host
• Gaby Hofmann - actor ^[44]
• Brice Marden - artist ^[45]

Transportation[edit]

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Hudson via the Hudson station.

Columbia County Public Transportation provides local service and commuter service to Albany.^[46]

References and notes[edit]

1. ^'2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files'. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 4, 2017.
2. ^ ^ab'Population and Housing Unit Estimates'. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
3. ^ ^ab'Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Hudson city, New York'. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
4. ^'Find a County'. National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
5. ^'Census of Population and Housing'. Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
6. ^'American FactFinder'. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
7. ^Margaret B. Schram, Hudson's Merchants and Whalers: The Rise and Fall of a River Port, 1783-1850, Black Dome Printing, 2004
8. ^[1]
9. ^^[permanent dead link]
10. ^ ^abBruce Edward Hall, Diamond Street: The Story of the Little Town with the Big Red Light District, Black Dome Printing, 1994
11. ^Public Broadcasting System (PBS), from Two Square Miles documentary: 'Jung co-founded Friends of Hudson and served as president of the organization throughout most of its six-year battle with St. Lawrence Cement.'
12. ^Public Broadcasting System (PBS): 'Pratt is the devoted co-founder and executive director of Friends of Hudson, the grassroots organization that has helped score a series of against-the-odds environmental and political victories in the Hudson Valley, including the fight against the St. Lawrence Cement plant proposal.'
13. ^The Independent newspaper^{[permanent dead link]} (Hillsdale, NY): 'Opposition leader Sam Pratt, executive director of Friends of Hudson, welcomed the decision.' NOTE: Newspaper is now defunct, but this article is archived at StopThePlant.com
14. ^Detailed chronology of cement plant controversy, Stop the Plant website
15. ^The Business Review (April 25, 2005). 'Secretary of state rejects St. Lawrence Cement plant on Hudson'. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
16. ^BCNYS (April 21, 2005). 'Council Sharply Criticizes the Pataki Administration's Decision on the Proposed St. Lawrence Cement Plant'. The Business Council of New York State. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
17. ^Friends of Hudson (March 28, 2005). '87% Of Commenters Oppose Cement Plant'. Friends Of Hudson. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
18. ^Smith, Gene. 'America on the HudsonArchived 2006-01-27 at the Wayback Machine', American Heritage, April/May 2004.
19. ^Grondahl, Paul. 'School's acceptance a crowning moment - Gay Hudson seniors named king and queen of prom in open vote of classmates'. Times Union.
20. ^'THE FIRST ANNUAL HUDSON GAY PRIDE PARADE'. Rural Intelligence. 2010-06-21.
21. ^ ^abByrne Fone, Historic Hudson: An Architectural Portrait, Black Dome Press, 2005
22. ^National Park Service (2010-07-09). 'National Register Information System'. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
23. ^http://www.hudsonmusicfest.com/
24. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-09-28.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)]
25. ^[2]
26. ^https://www.timesunion.com/upstate/article/Hudson-s-evolution-from-whalers-to-weekenders-12938406.php
27. ^Smith, Dinitia (Jan 18, 2001). 'Art From a River;s Past (and Its Present)'. New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
28. ^'Restaurants'. Letterbox Farm Collective. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
29. ^Hudson City Charter - Article II - § C2-1. Officers and salaries.
30. ^Two Square Miles
31. ^[3]
32. ^John Ashbery
33. ^Amy Griffinl. 'Basilica Hudson a new temple of contemporary art', Times Union, July 24, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
34. ^Peter Aaron. 'Melissa Auf der Maur: Girl from the North Country', Chronogram, March 1, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
35. ^'J.D. Cannon, 83, Dies; Actor on McCloud', nytimes.com; accessed March 13, 2016.
36. ^Mendolia, Victor (2011-07-13). 'Tom Davis discusses the city of Hudson and buying a house in Livingston in 1985 with Al Franken. (audio)'. Wave Farm - WGXC. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
37. ^Cutter, William Richard; Adams, William Frederick (1951). Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts. II. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 894. OCLC1547995.
38. ^Clayton, Adam (November 13, 2013). 'Ginsberg's owner brings her 'Farmhouse Rules' to Food Network - Columbia-Greene Media: News'. Chatham Courier. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
39. ^Bryce, Jill (February 11, 2011). 'Gillibrand Buys Home Outside Troy'. Times Union. Albany: Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
40. ^Nieman Culpepper, Carrie (September 5, 2010). 'Hudson, N.Y.: Where Bands Feel at Home'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
41. ^Waldman, Scott (6 January 2012). 'Hudson grows as a musician-friendly town'. Times Union. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
42. ^Corona, Victor (2017). Night Class: A Downtown Memoir. Soft Skull Press. ISBN1593766742.
43. ^Nieman Culpepper, Carrie (2010-09-05). 'SURFACING; Hudson, N.Y.: Where Bands Feel at Home'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
44. ^Egan, Maura (2017-10-24). 'How Upstate New York Became The Coolest Fall Destination'. Travel and Leisure.
45. ^Waterston, Darren (2017-10-25). 'Entrenched in Hudson Studio'.
46. ^Columbia County Public Transit

External links[edit]

• Our Town: Hudson Documentary produced by WMHT (TV)
• 'Hudson. A city and the county-seat of Columbia County, N. Y.' . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.